BPS, Lampungīarber CV, Schweithelm J (2000) Trial by fire: forest fires and forestry policy in Indonesia's era of crisis and reform. BPS, LampungīPS Tulang Bawang (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tulang Bawang) (2001) Tulang Bawang dalam Angka 2000 (Tulang Bawang in Figures).
BPS, LampungīPS Tulang Bawang (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tulang Bawang) (2000) Tulang Bawang dalam Angka 1999 (Tulang Bawang in Figures). BPS, LampungīPS Tulang Bawang (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tulang Bawang) (1999) Tulang Bawang dalam Angka 1998 (Tulang Bawang in Figures). BPS, LampungīPS Tulang Bawang (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tulang Bawang) (1998) Tulang Bawang dalam Angka 1997 (Tulang Bawang in Figures). BPS, Palembang, IndonesiaīPS Tulang Bawang (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tulang Bawang) (1997) Tulang Bawang dalam Angka 1996 (Tulang Bawang in Figures). BPS, Palembang, IndonesiaīPS OKI (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir) (2000) Ogan Komering Ilir dalam Angka 2000 (Ogan Komering Ilir in Figures). BPS, Palembang, IndonesiaīPS OKI (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir) (1999) Ogan Komering Ilir dalam Angka 1999 (Ogan Komering Ilir in Figures). BPS, Palembang, IndonesiaīPS OKI (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir) (1998) Ogan Komering Ilir dalam Angka 1998 (Ogan Komering Ilir in Figures). BPS, Palembang, IndonesiaīPS OKI (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir) (1997) Ogan Komering Ilir dalam Angka 1997 (Ogan Komering Ilir in Figures). MoFEC-EU Forest Fire Prevention and Control Project, Palembang, IndonesiaīPS OKI (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir) (1996) Ogan Komering Ilir dalam Angka 1996 (Ogan Komering Ilir in Figures). Final Report, Annex 1 and 2, Planning for Fire Prevention and Drought Management Project, Asian Development Bank TA 2999-INO Fortech, Pusat Pengembangan Agribisnis, Margules Pöyry, Jakarta, IndonesiaĪnderson IP, Bowen MR (2000) Fire zones and the threat to the wetlands of Sumatra, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Studies 34:622–632ĪDB (Asian Development Bank)/BAPPENAS (National Development Planning Agency) (1999) Causes, extent, impact and costs of 1997/98 fires and drought. Large-scale developments, community fire-based management practices and landscape transformation are spreading from accessible to formerly more remote wetlands.Ībe K (1997) Cari rezeki, Numpang, Siap: the reclamation process of peat swamp forest in Riau. The impacts extend beyond local areas as workers migrate into neighbouring forests to extract resources. But resource depletion has led to falling incomes and fewer livelihood options. Logging and fishing declined in importance, and sonor and harvesting of Gelam expanded. Local communities have rapidly adapted to the changing resources and new opportunities. These new types of land cover are also degrading. Widespread, repeated fires have transformed the landscape from mature high swamp forests to uniform stands of fire-resistant Gelam ( Melaleuca cajuputi) forests and thickets, open savannas and grasslands. But company activities and other large-scale developments contributed to expanding community fire-based land use by bringing in more people, improving access to remote wetlands or making them more flammable. Direct burning by companies played a smaller transitory role in fire ignition over the two decades. As a result, most of the landscape has been subject to repeated fires of varying intensities, more extensive in El Niño years. Uncontrolled fire use expanded over time in relation to sonor or swamp rice cultivation, logging, fishing, grazing, and annual cropping on drained wetlands. We studied evolving community land and fire use, resource and livelihood impacts on two sites of roughly 250 km 2 each using satellite image analysis and biological and socio-economic surveys. Fire is an important community wetland management tool in Indonesia, but its increasing use in the wetlands of southern Sumatra is degrading the landscape and diminishing household incomes and livelihood options.